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A "place of authentication" ((ラテン語:locus credibilis), (ハンガリー語:hiteleshely)) was a legal institution peculiar to the Kingdom of Hungary.〔Engel 2001, p. 122.〕〔Rady 2000, p. 68.〕 They were chapters or monasteries obliged to offer services similar the ones now provided by public notaries.〔 For instance, they drew up contracts known as "confessions" ((ラテン語:fassio)), issued authentic copies ((ラテン語:transsumptum)) of any document kept by or presented to them, and bore witness to the scene of any sort of legal act.〔Engel 2001, p. 123.〕 Besides their own archives, they also took care of private papers of local noblemen.〔Rady 2000, p. 69.〕 The institution came into being at the end of the 12th century, and it stopped functioning in the middle of the 19th century〔 Around 1500 more than thirty ecclesiastic institutions functioned as such in the entire kingdom (out of which two in Transylvania, and also two in Slavonia), but the activities of most of them were restricted to some administrative districts called "counties", only four of them having an authority extending all over the kingdom.〔 They left no room for the institution of public notaries, thus when the latter appeared in the kingdom after 1300, their activity was restricted to the field of canon law.〔 == Origins == Until the late 12th century, only charters issued by the monarchs possessed legal credibility in the Kingdom of Hungary.〔 However, in lawsuits between laymen it had already in the 11th century become customary for oaths to be taken and ordeals to be administered by members of ecclesiastic bodies, such as chapters and monasteries.〔 Around 1200 at the latest chapters started to keep records of the cases that came before them.〔 The earliest example of this practice is the ''Regestrum Varadinense'' that contains the minutes of 389 cases brought before the cathedral chapter of Várad (Oradea, Romania) between 1208 and 1235.〔 Charters issued by chapters and monasteries started to assume an increasingly uniform character of their own from the late 12th century, carrying their issuers' distinct seals.〔 Although charters issued by the royal chancellery or by the kingdom's principal judges (for instance, by the palatine) retained a special authority, documents issued under the name and seal of ecclesiastical institutions rapidly acquired an almost analogous status.〔Rady 2000, pp. 68-69.〕 Thereafter not only landowners turned to these ecclesiastical institutions to confirm their transactions, but the heads of the counties ("counts") and higher royal officers also sought to have their judgments published under the seal of chapters and monasteries.〔 Besides preparing documents for fee, these religious institutions began to store them in their sacristy, thus in short time they became authorized to issue authentic copies of any document kept by or presented to them.〔Engel 2001, p. 123.〕 For instance, around 1400 the archive of the chapterhouse of Esztergom had one charter originally issued by King Béla III (1172–1196), eight published by Andrew II (1205–1235), and twenty-one from the reign of Béla IV (1235–1270), while in 1525 the chapterhouse of Eger was able to produce a copy of a charter issued in 1282.〔〔Engel 2001, pp. 431-432.〕 The transformation of the major ecclesiastic institutions into effective agencies of royal administration was associated with the eclipse of the office of ''pristaldus'' ("bailiffs"), that was effectively annulled in 1222 by King Andrew II.〔Rady 2000, p. 70.〕 Thereafter many of the judicial tasks previously performed by the ''pristaldus'' (for instance, issue of summons, taking of evidence, and survey of boundaries of estates) was to be assumed by representatives of local chapters and monasteries.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「place of authentication」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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